# Alternative Demographic Measures

| Model | Dep Var | N | Countries | R² |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| G1: OADR only | log_reer_combined | 3,017 | 99 | 0.001 |
| G2: youth_dep only | log_reer_combined | 3,017 | 99 | 0.023 |
| G3: working_age_share | log_reer_combined | 3,017 | 99 | 0.023 |
| G4: total_dep | log_reer_combined | 3,017 | 99 | 0.023 |
| G5: life_expectancy | log_reer_combined | 3,017 | 99 | 0.001 |
| G6: LE + LE² | log_reer_combined | 3,017 | 99 | -0.003 |

## Key Coefficients

| Model | Variable | Coef | SE | p-value | Sig |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G1: OADR only | old_dep | -0.2265 | 0.1373 | 0.0990 | * |
| G2: youth_dep only | youth_dep | 0.3037 | 0.0687 | 0.0000 | *** |
| G3: working_age_share | working_age_share | -0.7438 | 0.1998 | 0.0002 | *** |
| G4: total_dep | total_dep | 0.2883 | 0.0741 | 0.0001 | *** |
| G5: life_expectancy | life_expectancy | -0.0002 | 0.0009 | 0.8687 |  |
| G6: LE + LE² | life_expectancy | -0.0044 | 0.0028 | 0.1163 |  |
| G6: LE + LE² | life_expectancy_sq | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.1083 |  |